Development of a Generic Aircraft aintenance Management Database for Zambia Air Force

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IX, Issue I, January 2022 | ISSN 2321–2705

Development of a Generic Aircraft aintenance Management Database for Zambia Air Force

Joana Bwalya Chemba^1* and Isaac N. Simate^2
1&2Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
*Correspondence

Abstract: The aviation industry is one of the most strictly regulated industries in the world. National and international aviation regulating authorities stipulate a number of requirements for both civil and military aviation establishments. One of the areas these regulations apply to is aircraft maintenance information management. With the evident technological advancement, the aviation regulators allow the use of electronic databases in aircraft maintenance. This study was aimed at developing a generic aircraft maintenance management database for Zambia Air Force (ZAF). The results of the baseline study conducted at one aircraft maintenance unit showed that the majority (86%) of respondents use a paper based aircraft maintenance information database. According to the respondents, the lack of skills, inadequate computers and security are the reasons for the continued use of a paper-based system. Additionally, the main challenges faced using this information database based on the results are time-consuming, misplaced documents and some information is not documented. A database was developed using Microsoft Access based on the reviewed aviation regulations with regard to maintenance information records. The database has attributes of managing aircraft information, personnel information as well as material, spares and equipment information. Furthermore, the implementation results show that the database can address the challenges currently faced with the paper based system and aid maintenance managers with (1) decision making (2) maintenance planning and execution (3) spares inventory management.

Key words: Aircraft Maintenance, Maintenance Regulations, Maintenance Management Database, Microsoft Access Database, Development of Database

I.INTRODUCTION

Maintenance management is a complex partnership between the people directly or indirectly involved in maintenance, the processes and strategies to direct people’s actions, the physical asset being maintained and finally the Computerised Maintenance Management Systems – the main link between the “people”, “processes and strategies” and “asset” (Gouws & Trevelyan, 2008). The field of aviation maintenance has seen a significant change in the documentation requirements for aircraft and related parts. Today, there is a mixture of various database programs offering a combination of the data research required to conduct proper maintenance, inspections, and data recording (logbook entries, Air Data compliance history, length of component time in service, and so forth) desired to improve the efficiency of the technician (FAA, 2018).
Effective management of maintenance is nearly not possible without computerization. Also implementing these with a good success rate needs a major program for change management over time (Giridharan et al, 2020). Aircraft operators are pushing for faster troubleshooting, automated aircraft inspection to reduce downtime; better task planning, and optimized parts management (Uniting Aviation, ICAO, 2019).

 

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Civil and Tni Cooperation in Managing the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) | Volume VI, Issue I, January 2022 | ISSN 2454–6186

Civil and Tni Cooperation in Managing the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

Asep Gunawan¹, Deni D.A.R², Priyanto³, Helda Risman^4
1Indonesian Defense University student, Total War Strategy study program
²Defense University Lecturer
³Dean of the Defense Strategy, Faculty of Defense University
⁴Secretary of the Defense University, Total War Strategy Study

Abstract
This research aim was to obtain empirical and analytical data on substantive and important issues from the implementation of civil-military cooperation in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method and approach used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques carried out through observation, interviews, literature studies, as well as focus group discussions (FGD). The findings from the study indicate that TNI and Civilian cooperation in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic is quite effective, although there are still obstacles in dealing with natural disasters, in the form of a limited budget, infrastructure, quality of personnel, sectoral ego between agencies, and low public awareness. in handling the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, what needs to be done in collaboration between ministries and related institutions is strengthening coordination, communication, and collaboration on budgets, facilities, personnel embodied in the MoU. The results in this study were also obtained through the compatibility between the ideals built with real conditions in the field which were different from previous studies. This is the novelty resulting from this research.

Keywords: Cooperation, civilian, military, countermeasures, Covid-19 pandemic

Introduction

A disaster is an event or occurrence outside normal that damages or disrupts human life and causes losses or casualties that exceed the ability of the local community to cope using only their resources. Disasters that occur in the world can be explained as an event that causes the total number of people or people affected by disasters to increase. The more advanced and heterogeneous the era, the more expensive a disaster. Poor countries and poor people are the victims with the greatest impact. The number of disasters is increasing every year.
In mid-2019 the world was shocked by the emergence of a new virus that spread from the Chinese city of Wuhan where China officially reported the presence of the coronavirus to the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 31, 2019, although there was a debate that from Harvard University, by analysing satellite photos traffic around several hospitals in Wuhan, said residents there may have started to become infected since late August 2019. WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, conveyed the designation of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, on Wednesday 11 March 2020. Many countries have experienced this case. COVID-19 is similar to SARS infecting more and more people, where on Thursday morning the number reached 126,063 cases. With a total of 4,616 people killed and 67,071 people recovered (www.tribunjogja.id). In the past two weeks, the number of COVID-19 cases outside China has increased 13-fold, and the number of affected countries has tripled.

 

 

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Climate Change, Farmer-Herders Conflicts and Food Security in Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) | Volume VI, Issue I, January 2022 | ISSN 2454–6186

Climate Change, Farmer-Herders Conflicts and Food Security in Nigeria

Gospel Nukoaka Lebari, Ph.D¹, Ferguson Amaobi Onuegbu, Ph.D¹ & Sunday Adeniran^2
1University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
²University of Abuja, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
There is emerging consensus that climate has been changing. This change in the global climate has shown the capacity to threaten several aspects of global, regional and national life, among which is security and agriculture (food security). Thus, in Nigeria, the climate crisis appears to have exposed farmers and herders to frequent conflicts, and because the indigenous farmers grow the locally produced food and the herders, on the other hand, rear most of the animals that serve as meat (particularly beef), any conflict between these two places food security under threat. The study sought to: examine the role of climate change on the heightened farmers-herders conflict in Nigeria; and, explore the implications of climate change impacts on farmers-herders conflicts on Nigeria’s food security. The study was guided by the eco-violence theory, which examines the inter-relationship between environmental changes and possible conflict situations. Data were derived from secondary sources that include journal articles, texts and books. The study established that climate change plays a great role in the frequent violent conflicts that have become a constant in farmer-herders relations in recent years and that these conflicts affect the country’s agricultural output and food security negatively. The study recommends that the Nigerian state should transit from traditional agricultural system to Climate-Smart Agriculture to meet future needs, as well as build modern (public) ranches with the best of technologies in the Sahel region, to discourage nomadic herding.

Keywords: Climate Change, Farmer-Herders Conflict, Eco-Violence, Food Security, Nigeria

INTRODUCTION

There is an emerging consensus among scholars and international organizations that the earth’s climate has been changing. This change has shown potentials for affecting diverse aspects of human life and existence, as it exposes nations to diverse challenges, from the economy to health and security threats, which manifest in unusual, but varying ways across regions. Globally, climate change weakens food security but the impacts vary between the rich and poor countries, with the poor countries most vulnerable to its associated risks. African countries being in the tropics are known to be hot; however, they are expected to become hotter because of climate change. The livelihood options of the people are mainly farming and pastoralism, which has been significantly affected by climate change (Devereux & Edwards, 2004). Thus, in some African countries, climate change has contributed to conflicts between farmers and herders, therefore, threatening food security.
In Nigeria, climate change manifests in unpredictable rainfall in the south and desertification in the North (Uyigue & Agho, 2007). To that extent, aside from other possible implications, it has on security is the problem of the danger it poses to food security occasioned by the infamous clash between indigenous farmers and herders (prominently of the Fulani nation) who migrate from one place to another, exploring pasture for their herds. This situation tends to be on the rise because of the effects that changes in climatic conditions have on their domain, and this, of course, puts a threat to the availability and accessibility of foodstuffs. These conflicts between indigenous farmers and nomadic herders have resulted in several deaths, most of who are farmers; and this has direct implications on crop production and the Nigerian economy. Therefore, the conflicts between herdsmen and farmers have endured several years and have been heightened in recent years. Because of this and several illegal activities, herdsmen in Nigeria were classified as one of the most notorious terrorist groups operating in the world (Institute for Economics and Peace, 2016) probably because of the huge number of fatalities that have arisen from their activities.

 

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Spirituality and Organizational Commitment among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) | Volume VI, Issue I, January 2022 | ISSN 2454–6186

Spirituality and Organizational Commitment among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya

Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)
Institute of Youth Studies, Tangaza University College, Catholic University of Eastern Africa

ABSTRACT:- Ministry burnout is a global issue of concern among Church ministers across the world. Studies have shown that majority of Church ministers leave ministry prematurely due to burnout which in turn affects their commitment to the Church. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between spirituality and organizational commitment among the Catholic religious men and women working in Lodwar Diocese. The study adopted correlational research design. A sample size of 131 Catholic religious men and women were selected using census sampling method. The data was collected using Spirituality Scale and Organizational Commitment Scale. Pre-testing of the standardized instruments was carried out before the actual data collection to ensure its reliability and validity. The data was analyzed for correlational analysis using SPSS Version 32. The results showed weak positive relationship between self-discovery and continuance commitment r= 0.009; p<0.05) and normative commitment (r=0.19; p>0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between self-discovery with continuance commitment (r=-0.058; p>0.05) and normative commitment (r= -0.033; p>0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between Eco-awareness with continuance commitment (r=-0.018; >0.05) and normative commitment (r=0.071; p>0.05).

INTRODUCTION

Spirituality is central to the life of Church ministers and especially Catholic religious men and women due to the nature of their calling. Studies have shown that spirituality plays a critical role on organizational commitment among the employees. For instance, Anat, Rivka and Bar (2016) conducted a study to examine of the influence work spirituality in Social Services Department. The research was conducted in Israel with a sample size of 178 social workers from social care institutions. Questionnaires were the most common method of data collection. The findings revealed a strong positive relationship between workplace spirituality, work spirit, and job satisfaction. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a link between workplace spirituality, spirit at work, and organizational commitment. Burnout was also linked to role attributes, organizational attributes, affective and continuous organizational engagement, job happiness, and workplace spirituality, according to the findings.
A study by Moghadam and Makvandi (2019) among employees of the Maroon Petrochemical Company in Iran evaluated the association between spiritual capital and job performance with organizational citizenship practices. Standard questionnaires were utilized to gather the information. The sample size was obtained using the cluster sampling approach. According to the study findings, spiritual capital exhibited a substantial association with employee work performance and organizational commitment. The association between religion, spirituality, job happiness, and organizational commitment was explored by Debra et al. (2017). The Spiritual Leadership Scale and the Spirituality at Work Scale were used to assess workplace spirituality. To assess job satisfaction and organizational commitment, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire short-form and the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire were utilized. According to the findings, spiritual capital can improve job happiness and organizational dedication.

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Does External Debts Promote Sustainable Economic Development in Developing Countries?

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) | Volume VI, Issue I, January 2022 | ISSN 2454–6186

Does External Debts Promote Sustainable Economic Development in Developing Countries?

James Daniel Chindengwike*
Lecturer Faculty of Commerce and Business Studies, Department of Finance, Accounting and Economics, St. John’s University of Tanzania – Dodoma, Tanzania

Abstract: External debts is one of the major sources of revenue to developing nations that normally do not have an enough industrial support and is illustrated by a small human development index. The aim of this paper is to test whether external debts promote sustainable economic development in developing countries or not. The study opted a time series data research design where by secondary data were used. This study used economic data from 1999-2020 financial years (Quarterly data). The study involved 80 observations. Kenya was purposively sampled to be used as research area of this study. The data collected from different reliable sources which included the International Financial Statistics (IFS), World Bank’s Statistical Database, The Treasury of Kenya, Ministry of Devolution and Planning and the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The results of the study revealed that there is long – term associations between external debts and sustainable economic development with P- Value of 0.0001. Another finding revealed that there is statistical significantly in all other macro-economic variables in the predictable direction with P- Value of 0.0011, except broad inflation and money that have vague signs. In short-run revealed that external debts affect statistically significance economic development with a negative direction P- Value of 0.0064. The study recommends that the government should think about adopting other sources of finance articulate via taxation and reduce borrowing outside to minimize assistance from developed nations. The government should also assign extra resources to savings in human capital education as efficiently labor has the effect of promoting sustainable economic development crosswise all models in the short run. Particularly population expansion rate should be proscribed through increasing utilize of social services such as family planning or sensitization to reduce support pressure on imperfect resources which deject economic development.

Keywords: Developing Countries, External Debts, Kenya, Sustainable Economic Development

1.INTRODUCTION
External debts are one of the majority imperative policy gears that rich nations use for serving poor nations to change population wellbeing and help institutional and economic growth [3]. The idea of external debts is broadly used and established as a stream of financial resources from developed nations to developing nations on growth grounds. External debts are funds that one nation willingly transfer to another, which can take the form of loan. According to [10] debts include money transferred across borders by government organizations and international organization. Previous studies show that external debts are hypothetically believed to improve economic development [15]. Nevertheless, [1] argued that the impact of external debts on economic development which is the boost eventually of a country’s real output of goods and services are vague. Empirical evidence revealed that, economic development as ongoing and stable alter in the long run which comes about by a continuing raise in the rate of investments and population [2]. Empirical evidence observed that the economic development as an extension of the system in one or more magnitudes with no a change in its composition [5]. So economic development is connected to the sustained and quantitative increase in the nations per capita production or income attended by increase in its labor power, utilization level, capital and quantity of trade. Economic development is a raise in the capability of an economy to create goods and services, evaluated from one period of time to another. Nevertheless, the position and impact of external debts in the economic development of developing countries have been and are divisive issues to researchers and economists. This is because the usefulness of external debts has become the theme of wide examination, because of the recent growing realization that a large number of developing countries have had only limited success even with the increased influx of aid they receive [12].
According to [8] in 1930s and 1940s harassed those external debts can raise physical capital accumulation as results economic development they concluded that, external debts plug in the economy gap in developing nations. Their theory is reversed by Chenery and Strout, in the Two gaps where they recommended that, apart from economy gap, there are foreign exchange gap that deter the developing nations to importation of the capital goods. Thus, they argue that, external debts give money to the developing nations for the importations of capital goods. Developing nations are typified by reserve starving economies, particularly capital connected. Capital to increase economic development and welfare is basically insufficient nationally, which as a result warrants the need for outside capital. The only outside capital willingly obtainable to hold up growth activities have to come from external debt.

 

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Effect Of Study Skills On Low Academic Self-Concept Among Secondary School Students Of Gombe Local Government Area Of Gombe State

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) | Volume VI, Issue I, January 2022 | ISSN 2454–6186

Effect Of Study Skills On Low Academic Self-Concept Among Secondary School Students Of Gombe Local Government Area Of Gombe State

Pending
Pending

Abstract
This paper investigated the effect of study skills on low academic self-concept among secondary school students in Gombe local government area. One research question was posed and one hypothesis formulated to guide the study. The design of the study is experimental research design. The population of the students with low academic self-concept is 1110. The sample of the study is 32 students which were selected through purposive sampling technique. Academic self-concept survey scale instrument was used for data collection. The data collected was analysed using mean and standard deviation while the null hypothesis was tested using analysis of co-variance at 0.05 level of significance. From the findings it was revealed that study skills is effective in enhancing academic performance of secondary school students and also there is significant difference in the post-test mean score of students treated with study skills and those of the control group. With this it was recommended that study skills technique should be adopted by school counsellors and other allied professionals as an effective treatment technique in enhancing academic self-concept of secondary school students and enhancing academic achievement, self-concept and mental health in school setting among others.

Keywords: Study Skill, self-concept, Academic self-concept, Low self-concept.

Introduction
The way an individual students feels, beliefs about himself or herself, has a profound effect on his academic work. A student that sees himself or herself as inferior or superior would go a long way in determining his or her level of academic performance in school and his or her relationship with others. Students’ belief, thought, feelings, are shaped by experiences in the family, at school, from friendship and the wider society.
A good performance in academic work of a student is generally regarded as a pre-requisite for entry into highly skilled profession in sciences, technology, education and industry. While considering the poor level of academic performance among secondary school students, governments has channelled enormous resources in helping the growth and development of educational programmes at the secondary school level of education. In spite of this support given to secondary school education by the Governments, community, school authorities and parents, some students do not achieve good performance in their academic work due to their low academic self-concept, poor study skills, beliefs, thought, feelings and negative attitude toward their academic work. Academic programme is a process that span through primary school to university education. As such, the learning outcome of a student is determined by his or her academic self-concept, study skills, and beliefs system of the student. All these when put together may have profound effect in the development of one’s consciousness about one’s self either in a positive or negative manner. In the view of above Abiodun (2014), was of the opinion that what students in schools belief, and feel, about themselves are not based solely on what they do only, but usually involve their relationship with other students, whether they feel worthwhile as individual or worthless as an individual. Undiyaundeye (2010) observed that, the most important fact on academic achievement of the students is the student academic self-concept.

 

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Participative stakeholder involvement approach and implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue XII, December 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705

Participative stakeholder involvement approach and implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county, Kenya

Edwin Omondi Arwa¹, Prof. Charles M. Rambo, PhD², Dr. Isaac Abuya, PhD^3
1MA Project Planning and Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya
²Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya
³Senior Lecturer PhD, University of Nairobi, School of Continuing and Distance Education, Kenya

Abstract: Water projects face implementation challenges of cost and time overruns due to lack of stakeholders’ involvement and this has led sustainability constraints. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of participative stakeholder involvement approach on implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. The study adopted descriptive survey research design; the data was collected through self-administered structured questionnaire. The research instrument was piloted for content validity and reliability tests. A sample size of 118 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling from a target population of 167 involved in implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county. High Cronbach’s coefficient Alpha of 0.8 was obtained. The data was analysed using descriptive statistic of mean, standard deviation, frequencies percentages and inferential statistics of correlation and regression at α=0.05 level of significance. The study found out statistically significant relationships between Participative Stakeholder Involvement Approach and Implementation of Water Projects. The null hypothesis H01: Participative stakeholder involvement approach does not significantly influence implementation of water projects in Kisumu East sub-county was rejected since p=0.000<0.05. It is recommended that a holistic bottom up approach in implementation of projects should be embraced so that all key stakeholders in projects become part and parcel of the projects and to bring ownership of projects by stakeholders. Further research should be carried out on project planning and design to establish whether stakeholders are involved at these initial stages before implementation of water projects.

Keywords: Participative stakeholders’ Involvement approach, Implementation of water projects

I. INTRODUCTION

Access to clean drinking water remains a big problem globally with 783million people unable to access clean drinking water, especially in rural areas due to mismanagement of available water resources and poor or weak government policies (Giupponi, Jakemann, Karssenberg and Hare, 2006). Water governance challenges are attributed to conflicts and competing water needs (Akhmouch and Clavreul, 2016).

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Analysis and implications of swampy lands development in Major City of Nigeria

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue XII, December 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705

Analysis and implications of swampy lands development in Major City of Nigeria

Tobi Derebebeapade Stanisslous¹, EDIDONG Elijah Usip², Amakiri – White Belema Henry^3
1Department of Architecture, Ken Saro Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria
²Department of urban and Regional Planning, AkwaIbom state Polytechnic Ikot Osurua, Nigeria ³Department of Architecture, Ken Saro Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria

Abstract: With the current trend and challenges of built-up swamp, many urban centres are experiencing consistent flooding and food insecurity causing huge damages and losses. The aim of the study was to analyse the implications of swampy development and the concern before the contributors of physical development in Nigeria. It explores the institutional arrangement for swamp management, planning measures that have been undertaken to reduce non-scientific development and management of swamplands, and possible ways to enhance the application of urban planning to reduce built-up swamp and management. However, the strength of physical planning in mitigating the development of swamp is well recognised. Also inadequate plans and poor enforcement makes development of swamp preparedness, response and recovery laughable hence resilience is frail .This study therefore set out to disentangle pertinent land uses that vanished swampland in Port Harcourt, ascertain the pattern and consequences of the encroachment in to swampy land. The research employed structured questionnaire techniques for data collection while Pearson product moment Correlation coefficient and mathematical percentage (MP) were the analytical tools used. The findings show that transportation land use (r = .262 p>.05), industrial land uses (r = .211 p>.05), residential land uses (r = .358 p>.05) commercial (r = .222 p>.05) and institutional were the significant factors for sprawling and by extension the development of swampy land in Port Harcourt urban space. In addition, the result also shows that the loss of food security (23%), recreation (11%), education and research services (15%), tourism/recreation (17%), open space and aesthetics (17%) cultural value (17%) are the major effects. The study concluded with recommendations that town planning board, authorities and registered town planners in consultancy services should advice state government on the risk and challenges of buildings on swamp regions and blockage of water ways of Port Harcourt Nigeria.

Keywords: Port Harcourt, development, swampy lands, analysis and implications

I. INTRODUCTION

The procedure outlook and overall framework that prescribed how swampy land should be developed globally have gone through a series of evolutionary stages. Nowadays, a number of policy frameworks exist and attest to the fact that relevant authorities have concerted effort to reduce the disastrous effect of developed swampy zones on residents.

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Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticidal Residue in Selected Daily Consumed Vegetables in Akure Metropolis

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue XII, December 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705

Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticidal Residue in Selected Daily Consumed Vegetables in Akure Metropolis

Abata E.O
Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract: Farmers highly depend on chemical pesticides in recent farming practices to ensure expected yield is met, and organophosphates pesticides has been the common pesticides used on fruits and vegetables, this pesticide’s instruction are not dully followed by farmers. Thereby the possibility of residue of these pesticides will continually be a concern. Acceptable daily intake values are being set by WHO and Food and Drug Agency using Cordex, and also the maximum residual limits of each pesticides in each fruit and vegetables to ensure safe level is maintained. But the farmers might not be informed about the possibility of the dangers of long-term exposure to the pesticide. This study shows the concentration level of organophosphate residue in fruits eaten almost every day in relation to the health risk values. The concentration ranges from Fenamiphos with a mean concentration of 0.08mg/kg showing the lowest while bromophos-methyl showed a mean concentration of1.136mg/kg as the highest mean concentration followed by azinfos-methyl with a mean concentration of 1.056mg/kg, then Chlorpyrifos with mean concentration of 1.046mg/kg. Bromophos-ethyl was only detected in tomatoes and onions, Etrimfos was not detected in carrot and carrot has the least pesticides summation of the detected pesticide while garden egg sample shows the highest concentration summation followed by tomato, a daily consumed vegetable/fruit in the southern part of Nigeria. It also revealed that the health risk index for children is of concern than other population therefore cooking these vegetable and fruits is recommended to greatly lower the residues.

Keywords: Vegetables, Organophosphate, Pesticides, Health Risk, Principal Component Analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION

Food is essential and it is part of life itself and thus as become a major contributor to life sustenance, with different type of food, the consumption of fruits and vegetables is increasing. These class of food is considered rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber and has been favoured among nutritionist to be taken regularly. When vegetables are included in diet, it has led to reduction of the possibility of chronic ailments such as cancer, stroke and cardiovascular disease. (Leon2011). But the production of these classes of food involve the use of chemicals such as for protection against pest and diseases, fertilizers to ensure good yield per harvest. Pesticides may be regarded as economical and effective substances or mixture of substances used to prevent, repel and destroy any pest (EPA 2021).

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Health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) | Volume V, Issue XII, December 2021 | ISSN 2454–6186

Health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya

Christine Bokayo Arero, MPH¹, Keraka Nyanchoka Margaret, PhD (Professor)², Shadrack Yonge Ayieko, PhD³, Matoke Omwenga Vincent, MPH⁴, Okari Maseme Geoffrey, MSc^5
1Kenyatta University, Department of Population, Reproductive Health and Community Resource Management, School of Public Health and Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya
²Department of Population, Reproductive Health and Community Resource Management, School of Public Health and Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya
³Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa Kenya
⁴Department of Population, Reproductive Health and Community Resource Management, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya
⁵Department of Health Management and Informatics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya

Abstract:
Background: Worldwide, there were approximately 295,000 women died as a result of pregnancy and childbirth related complications in 2017. Majority of this was from Sub-Saharan Africa with 196000. In Africa, about seventy-five per cent maternal and neonatal deaths occur outside health facilities. In Kenya, maternal mortality rate is 362 per 100,000 live births with 61.2% deliveries occurring in hospitals. There is still evidence of home deliveries despite significant efforts through several interventions.
Objective: The study aims to determine health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya.
Materials and methods: This research adopted a mixed descriptive cross-sectional study design method. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to collect data from participants. A total of 416 respondents were interviewed. The respondents were drawn from households using systematic random sampling at a predetermined interval of four. The study was done in 24 selected villages from Moyale Township, Golbo, Dukana and North-Horr Wards. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used to analyze descriptive data. Inferential statistics such as Chi-Square tests at 95% confidence level and p-values of 0.05 was used to determine variable association.
Results: About 178(43.3%) of postnatal women delivered at home in Marsabit County. Chi-square statistics indicated that most health system factors such as distance to the nearest facility (p=0.001), experience with care provider (0.012), hindrance from health facility (p=0.008) and provision of information (0.001) were associated with choice of place of delivery. Results from focused group interviews and key informants were reported as direct narrations.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there was a significant number of women who are still delivering at home in Marsabit County. Majority of the health system factors were associated with choice of place of delivery. This requires concerted efforts by relevant stakeholders to ensure improved access health facility delivery through mobile clinics to assist women deliver under the hands of skilled birth attendants thus discouraging home deliveries.

Key Words: Health system, Place of delivery, Postnatal Women.

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